Despite a substantial build-up of expectations, the U.S. federal government has excluded device makers from a proposal to provide safe harbors under the anti-kickback statutes for value-based arrangements between providers and medical device makers. The news comes as a blow to device makers, who have argued for some time that value-based arrangements between industry and hospitals could save the taxpayer millions each year in Medicare spending, but the draft rule made note of concern that such arrangements might reduce competition among device makers.