BioWorld looks at translational medicine, including: Noncoding RNA protects blood vessel walls; PD-1 blockade interferes with opioid analgesia; T-cell population is biomarker for beta cell function; Glutaminase 1 is NASH target; Oligodendrocyte-neural connections not just about myelin; Sharper look yields new potential kinase target in ovarian cancer; Structural insights could enable specific activation of GPCRs; Autophagy activation may prevent metastasis; AI finds structurally unique antibiotics.

Beyond every binary is a more complex reality. And so it is with driver and passenger mutations. The separation of tumor mutations into drivers and passengers underpins much progress in the development of targeted therapies. By looking at passenger mutations more carefully, though, researchers at Yale University have shown that passenger mutations, too, played a role in how tumors progressed.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. But not just. And it may not start that way. There is increasing evidence that a-synuclein, the protein whose aggregates eventually destroy midbrain dopaminergic neurons in PD (and that are the cause of other diseases collectively known as the synucleinopathies), first aggregates “in enteric neurons, the neurons that control gastrointestinal function,” Collin Challis told BioWorld.

SEATTLE – As it enters its third year, the Human Cell Atlas project has mapped 100 million of 100 billion cells, and by comparing gene expression profiles of normal and aberrant cells and building networks of cellular interactions, is leading to breakthroughs in understanding of disease at a molecular level.

SEATTLE – Tracing the family tree of COVID-19 through its evolving DNA sequence makes it possible to disprove many false claims circulating on social media about the novel coronavirus, and, in particular, that it was generated in a covert biological weapons program. “From everything I’ve looked at, there is zero evidence for genetic engineering; it looks like normal evolution,” said Trevor Bedford, a computational biologist at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, who has been using genomes sequences taken from patient samples to track the spread of the virus since Jan. 11.

BioWorld looks at translational medicine, including: Ebola survivor's antibodies reveal therapeutic targets; JAK inhibitors build bone, no inflammation necessary; Origin story helps ovarian cancer prognosis; Celiac model captures gluten, genetics and gut reactions; New search method, new antibiotic MOA; Nanogold improves MS symptoms; Autophagy helps repair lung injury; How hook(worm)s grapple with nets; Thanks for the memories, myelin; Heat-shock proteins’ subtler cousin.

The hormone prolactin is known for and named after its role in breastfeeding. But that is far from its only role. There are more than 300 identified functions of prolactin, which is present in both men and women, though women have higher levels, and extremely high levels late in pregnancy and during breastfeeding. Now, scientists at the University of Arizona have identified another function of prolactin signaling.

For depression, and other mental health disorders, the era of precision medicine has yet to arrive. Symptoms are “very poorly reflective of the underlying biology,” Amit Etkin told BioWorld. Depression can manifest through multiple different symptoms that differ both between and within cultures.

BioWorld looks at translational medicine, including: CD47 knockout improves antitumor vaccine; Multiple edits make for durable T cells; Endothelial cells have functional deficits in progeria; Myelin is deregulated in autism spectrum disorder; More enhancers suggest more pathogenicity: study; Just the vesicles, please; Distinguishing real from backseat drivers; Blocking bad bone; Plexin D1 is receptor and mechanosensor in 1; Monocytes have it both ways in DMD.

The drug screens prompted by the SARS and MERS outbreaks have been useful for quickly identifying drug candidates. But in terms of their epidemiology, “SARS and MERS were different from this coronavirus,” Allison McGeer explained at a Feb. 3 webinar by Evercore ISI.